Which of the following is not a valid basis for establishing probable cause for a warrantless arrest?

• A. Direct observations by the officer
• B. Information from a reliable informant
• C. The officer's hunch without evidence
• D. A factor consistent with offense elements

Answer: (C)

Probable cause for a warrantless arrest rests on facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe the suspect has committed a crime. Direct observations by the officer provide firsthand, verifiable facts that can meet this standard. Information from a reliable informant can also support probable cause, as long as the informant’s reliability and basis for knowledge are established. A factor consistent with the offense elements—when combined with other facts—can further support the belief that the crime occurred and the person committed it. A hunch, by contrast, is purely subjective and lacks any factual basis or corroboration, so it does not satisfy the probable cause requirement for making a warrantless arrest.